Construct maps and item frameworks: an example in proportional reasoning

Abstract Construct maps and related item type frameworks, which respectively describe identify common patterns in student reasoning, provide teachers with tools to support instruction built upon students’ intuitive thinking. We present a methodological approach–embedded within assessment development processes–for developing such construct frameworks entails (1) articulating map, (2) diagnostic types, (3) comparing difficulties, (4) modifying or providing evidence of the map. an example focused on proportional reasoning based its centrality mathematical success. The results further inform our map for item-type framework.